SCIENCE & EDUCATION

A brief overview of the major achievements of Hermann von Helmholtz, the eminent German physicist, and physiologist, whose name is inextricably linked to a radical reconstruction of physiological concepts among scientists of XIX century. Helmholtz has made a significant contribution to the mechanics, thermodynamics, optics, acoustics, electrodynamics, physiology and medicine, first formulated in mathematical form and substantiated universality of the law of conservation of energy. Provides the information about the parents and children of the Helmholtz, interesting facts of his life and work, including details of study, teaching and research work as an experimental physicist, as well as contact with his prominent contemporaries. Achievements Helmholtz marked the highest awards of the Royal Society of Great Britain (gold medal Copley), the Order of the " Schwarzen Adler" Kingdom of Prussia, the star of the French Order of the Legion of Honor, and others. His name are memorable prize medals from several institutions, Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases, craters on the Moon and Mars.

A brief overview of the major achievements of Emile Berliner, prominent American inventor of German descent, who created, based on the proposal of the French inventor Charles Cros, gramophone records and production technology, for many decades the dominant sound equipment in the world of the twentieth century. The information about the parents, brothers and sons Berliner, interesting facts of his life and work, including details of the business in the United States, his contacts with companies Bell Telephone Alexander Graham Bell, Victor Talking Machine Eldridge Johnson, RCA David Sarnoff and competition systems phonograph, gramophone and zon-o-phone. Describes the technical and organizational details of the creation of a gramophone and gramophone records, their improvement and dissemination in the United States, Canada, Europe, Russia and Japan, including under the trademarks His master's voice and Pathe freres. Achievements Berliner marked by several awards, including in 1913 the highest of the Franklin Institute Elliott Cresson Gold Medal.

A brief overview of the major achievements of Georg Simon Ohm, the eminent German physicist, opened in 1826, the fundamental law of electrical circuits, which bears his name, and gave him a theoretical foundation. In the results of their research ohm speaker was concluded that the timbre of the sound is the result of the harmonic components of the signal, it is formulated in the form which later became known acoustic Ohm's law. Provides information about parents and brothers Ohm, interesting facts of his life and work, including details of study, teaching and research work as an experimental physicist. Achieve the Ohm were marked in 1841 the highest award of the Royal Society of Great Britain - Copley gold medal followed by the election of a member of this society. Ohm was awarded the Order of the Bavarian "For outstanding achievements in the field of science," his bust is in the Memorial of Glory in Munich. Ohm's name is called unit of electrical, University of applied sciences in Nuremberg and a crater on the side of the Moon.

A brief review of main works and achievements of Vladimir K. Zworykin is presented, who came from a merchant family in Murom Russia and prominent American inventor of television broadcasting, the author of 120 patents. Provides information about parents Zworykin, interesting facts of his life and work, includ-ing details of student life, military service during World War I, emigration to the U.S., working in corpora-tions and RCA CRT implementation and Ikonoscope, the most important components of television systems. Zworykin described contacts with David Sarnow and American inventors, his work on the orders of the U.S. Army during World War II, advances to create an electronic microscope, color television, details of visits Zvorykin USSR, his meetings with Soviet specialists, as well as work on medical electronics in recent years of life and awards.

A brief review of main works and achievements of David Sarnoff is presented, a native of Russia and the poor prominent American businessman, founder of the radio and television broadcasting. Provides information about parents Sarnoff, interesting facts of his life and work, including details of his work on the radio, including the rescue of passengers of "Titanic", the first in the U.S. broadcasts, creating corporations RCA and NBC and implementation of broadcast television. Sarnoff describes the service in the U.S. Army during World War II, work on creating RCA color television, his contacts with prominent Russian engineer Vladimir Zworykin and Leon Theremin, American inventor Frank Conrad and great Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini, as well as the nuances of the relationship with David Sarnoff Edwin Armstrong.

A brief review of main works and achievements of Edwin Howard Armstrong is presented, an outstanding American scientist and inventor, author of 42 patents, the creator of the regenerative and superheterodyne receivers, the founder of radio frequency modulation. The information about the Armstrong's parents, the interesting facts of his life and work, including details of his amateur radio hobby, study and work at Co-lumbia University, serving in the U.S. Army expeditionary corps in Paris in the final stages of World War I, work on the development of broadcasting in the United States are presented. Armstrong described contacts with eminent English radio engineer Henry Round discussions with leaders of the emerging science of radio John R. Carson and Murray G. Crosby, the device and the test results of the first in the U.S. FM radio sta-tions, as well as the specifics of Armstrong relations with Lee de Forest and David Sarnoff.

A brief review of main works and achievements of Jack S. Kilby is presented, outstanding US inventor, the author of more than 60 patents, awarded in 2000 the Nobel Prize in Physics for his basic work on infor-mation and communication technology, one of the founders of the first integrated circuit. They also devel-oped the first thermal printer, miniature calculator with built-in thermal print head and the experimental work carried out to facilitate the organization of production of integrated microelectronics in the United States. Information is given about the parents J.S. Kilby, the interesting facts of his life and work, includ-ing details in school, his hobbies amateur radio, military service, university education, working for miniaturization of electronics in the laboratory Centralab, Texas Instruments Incorporated and its patent dispute with Robert Noyce, inventor of the other integrated circuits. Kilby described contacts with colleagues, his awards and to memory of Kilby.

A brief review of ma in works and achievements ofNikola Tesla is presented. He is a prominent American inventor, a Serb by nationality, author of more than 7 00 patents, developer industrial power systems, AC motors and high-frequency applications, the pioneer of wireless communication, have been widely used all over the world. Are pedigree information for parents and relatives of Tesla, the interesting facts of his life and work, including details of the work in Paris and Strasbourg before resettlement in the United States and the subsequent construction of power plant at Niagara Falls and his experiments with high-voltage and high-frequency. Tesla described contacts with Edison, Westinghouse and other U.S. and European inventors and scientists, and entries from his diary, kept in the Museum of Belgrade, and other evidence about the Tunguska catastrophe in 1908 could be the result of his experiments with atmospheric electricity.

A brief review of ma in works and achievements ofRay Dolby is presented. He is a USA inventor, author of more than 50 patents, developer the systems Noise Reduction, Surround Sound. for radio broadcasting , professional and home cinema theater, have been widely used all over the world. Some biographical information of Ray Dolby is given , as well as some interesting facts about his life and work.

A brief review of main works and achievements of Alexander Gustav Eiffel is given. He was an outstanding engineer and architect won the world recognition in the field of metal structures and aerodynamics. His biography data as well as some interesting facts from his life and activities are presented. Almost all the bridges Eiffel in textbooks as examples of bold and robust engineering solutions, and its famous tower has become a symbol and a major tourist attraction in Paris .

 A brief overview of basic steps in developing the format VHS of the magnetic video tape recording, made in JVC under the guidance of Shizuo Takano, Japanese engineer and inventor, is presented. Some biographical information about S. Takano, as well as certain interesting facts from his life and work are given.

A brief review of ma in works and achievements of Reginald Fessenden is presented. He was a Canadian inventor, performed the first radio broadcasting, which led to the development of radio technology in the wired world. Some biographical information of R. Fessenden is given , as well as some interesting facts about his life and work.

A brief review of the main works and achievements of Gulielmo Marconi was presented. He was an Italian inventor who performed the first transatlantic wireless radio. It led to the development of wireless technology in the whole world. Some biographical information of Gulielmo Marconi was given, as well as some interesting facts about his life and work.

A brief review of main works and achievements of Samuel Finley Breese Morse is presented. He was an American artist and inventor, the creator of a new telegraphic scheme and code named after him - "Morse Code" that got the world recognition. Morse’s invention was a starting point for the development of wire communication technology in America and led to its spread in Europe and further to application of "Morse code" in radio communication (it is used in amateur radio communication even nowadays). Some biographical information of S. Morse is given, as well as some interesting facts about his life and work.

 The article presents a brief review of main works and achievements by Alexander M. Poniatoff, an outstanding engineer and founder of AMPEX – American company that gained the world recognition in the field of magnetic recording of signals. His background as well as some interesting facts from his life and activities is given. The AMPEX engineers created the world's first tape recorders and videotape recorders of professional quality, which contributed to a radical improvement of radio and television broadcasting technologies worldwide.

The article presents a brief review of the main achievements made by Alexander Graham Bell – an outstanding American inventor, the author of 30 US patents in the field of telephony and recording-playing sound. A. G. Bell’s background was included along with some interesting facts of his life. His invention of the telephone started the development of mass communication equipment in America and Europe. R&D company Bell Laboratories has produced thousands of inventions, including the first actual sound system for cinematography. Several scientists of Bell Laboratories received the Nobel Prizes.

This article is dedicated to the life and activity of the French scientist who made an important contribution to the creation of Descriptive Geometry as a separate science. Gaspard Monge was a heavyweight among the scientists of Academy of Science as an organizer of higher education in France. He created Defense Industry and new technologies at his time. The aim of this article is to describe the structure of the course and the contents of the “Descriptive geometry” program, to explain the main directions of Monge’s ideas and also to illustrate his talent, activity and permanent dedication. This article is meant for the reading public and students of technical universities.

This article is a short essay on the historical development of the Department of Physics at Bauman Moscow State Technical University from its very first days in 1832 until now. The role of the great scientists-physicists, who have worked at the department in the 19^th-20^th centuries and made a significant contribution to the physics course, was outlined. Their main works were briefly described in the article.

Brief review of the main achievements of Thomas Alva Edison was presented; Thomas Edison was an outstanding American inventor, the author of more than 1000 USA patents and several thousand patents of other countries, Honored Academician of USSR Academy of Science. The biography of Thomas Edison and some interesting facts from his life and work were included in the article. The world’s first sound-recording apparatus (phonograph) and carbon microphone created by Edison became an advent of the sound technology development, and his disc-type phonograph with grooves for recording served as a basis for mechanical video-recording half-century later. Therefore, Edison could be considered a founder of the multimedia technology.